苏联遗风 探访俄罗斯苏-30生产线
[p=30, 2, left]记者斯捷潘诺夫·斯拉瓦采访了苏-30和雅克-130的制造工厂，拍摄了一些非常精美的照片。这些照片令人赞叹，披露了苏-30生产线上的许多小细节，而就在不久前这种照片还是被列为保密级别。[/p][p=30, 2, left]出于某种原因，官方允许斯拉瓦公开这些来之不易的照片，那就让我们来欣赏一下吧。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/5d3f2171af044326a5dcf9c115b2daa6.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_5d3f2171af044326a5dcf9c115b2daa6.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]首先来聊一下飞机，这架双座飞机叫苏-30SM，厂家是IAZ——伊尔库茨克厂。该厂自创办以来已经生产了超过7000架战机，产品出口全球37个国家。该厂也生产雅克-130教练机，并为空中客车做做代工。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/2594174708944b1aa340f13243e48079.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_2594174708944b1aa340f13243e48079.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]苏-30SM以苏-27为基础设计，该机以超机动性而闻名。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/dd407996744540bb809f2032cc5b8bb4.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_dd407996744540bb809f2032cc5b8bb4.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]这是一种多用途战斗机，能有效打击地面和空中目标。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/b0e57fd11c1f4dfd9dc7860382bf28ec.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_b0e57fd11c1f4dfd9dc7860382bf28ec.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]这种现代化的战斗机能够满足俄罗斯空军的现有需求，使用升限16300米，航程超过3000公里，最大速度2125公里/时。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/eb44c5499aa0430dad63595136ae3851.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_eb44c5499aa0430dad63595136ae3851.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]伊尔库茨克厂全貌，这是俄罗斯极为重要的飞机制造厂之一。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/5b5ff152976b418fae4c36ba120471d5.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_5b5ff152976b418fae4c36ba120471d5.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]今年该厂已经80岁了。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/573bb7fc390e488e93de0d86c159d94e.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_573bb7fc390e488e93de0d86c159d94e.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]制造飞机的过程很复杂，分成许多具体的流程，伊尔库茨克厂各部门负责其中的一环。图中这台机器是第18车间的VPO JOMAX机床，正在做切削精加工。拜现代化的机械所赐，现在一个班次一名工人的工作量就相当于6年前4名工人干一个月的。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/29e8c83c02414227a0d4a7f9b97ad5b3.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_29e8c83c02414227a0d4a7f9b97ad5b3.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]伊尔库茨克厂的毛坯冲压部门制造一架飞机上70%的零件，毛坯冲压车间包括冲压、辊压成型和平板车间。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/188cf7bccc6e40d2b30292e6056fbe5c.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_188cf7bccc6e40d2b30292e6056fbe5c.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]冶金制品部门有8个车间，目前生产约800种铸造零件、2500种锻造零件、2万种非金属零件。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/566dd1d3ecf64c99ad2c1812acb94df0.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_566dd1d3ecf64c99ad2c1812acb94df0.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]冶金制品部门制造小到火柴盒大小，大到苏-30隔框的零件。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/6afd5022545e4990b6393519ae92fef6.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_6afd5022545e4990b6393519ae92fef6.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]这不是在喷漆而是对铝制品进行阳极氧化电镀，在这一步之后，还要对95%工厂制造的零件进行热处理。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/ba21ff6fdc83454eb181a538eb057ae5.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_ba21ff6fdc83454eb181a538eb057ae5.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]工人在零件上喷涂一种特殊的溶液，在紫外线的照射下，存在缺陷的地方就会暴露无遗。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/ecd83d9ef369461d96e3fc98d44290f9.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_ecd83d9ef369461d96e3fc98d44290f9.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]当然紫外线探伤只是这里质量控制的一种手段而已。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/494fc2290a194dc0a360406ca5fee161.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_494fc2290a194dc0a360406ca5fee161.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]第34车间负责用超高精密度坐标测量仪测定制品的外形参数，仅2013年该部门就完成了超过17000件零件的测量。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/4b44dca65c2f429a9a3e8ba86b5e76af.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_4b44dca65c2f429a9a3e8ba86b5e76af.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]接下来小零件就要被装配成更大的部件了。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/3262b82b4c9b497a8060dfcdaa1c1408.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_3262b82b4c9b497a8060dfcdaa1c1408.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]在机械装配车间，工人们需要用各种冲压和冶金毛坯加工出几乎所有的飞机结构件和内件。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/b7a35f41a120445f8330b29a3f45052c.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_b7a35f41a120445f8330b29a3f45052c.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]在这里，工人们用机床对零件进行加工，消除公差、钻孔、开槽等。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/4201b54c4c674ee8b4da523c847e941e.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_4201b54c4c674ee8b4da523c847e941e.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]其中铣加工耗费了机床至少80%的总CPU时间。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/d2300e3fe71342b1a6fd900a32b59302.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_d2300e3fe71342b1a6fd900a32b59302.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]现场组装部门的车间制造、装配和测试飞机燃油系统和控制系统的液压和气动部件，他们也制造例如空中加油探杆和飞机操纵杆这样的整个组件。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/c5782604101a462daf64e8007836592f.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_c5782604101a462daf64e8007836592f.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]现场组装部门是厂子里首批装备现代化高效率设备的部门之一，实施精益制造技术。现在厂里100台高性能机器中有65台都属于现场组装部门。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/258a4a2eaf9948dbb5827f6653ee18f4.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_258a4a2eaf9948dbb5827f6653ee18f4.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]装配好的组件会回到电镀和喷涂车间进行表面处理，之后就是等待装机了。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/6ec5aa162373416da11fe15c0b3c1432.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_6ec5aa162373416da11fe15c0b3c1432.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]苏-30MKI和苏-30SM的总装生产线。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/0923d8e3ab0d45be987286ae333642f4.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_0923d8e3ab0d45be987286ae333642f4.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]主要组件生产部门制造飞机的头部和尾部、垂尾、机翼和其余翼面。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/80ef800c50b64b328492c308da8bccac.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_80ef800c50b64b328492c308da8bccac.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]然后他们把几乎成形的机身推到总装线。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/1ed40691c75b4e7b9e797b479ffb5d96.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_1ed40691c75b4e7b9e797b479ffb5d96.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]在传统上，主要组件生产也要预埋进液压、燃油、气动和空调系统的管线。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/754ab3637ab5411ba580ad028bfe86f0.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_754ab3637ab5411ba580ad028bfe86f0.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]翼面组装车间。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/83e445a8396b4926901df05f7ce1a7a6.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_83e445a8396b4926901df05f7ce1a7a6.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]正在组装雅克-130教练机。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/ebd686d08415444f8c43d7083edb7674.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_ebd686d08415444f8c43d7083edb7674.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]第42车间。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/c88cb73889554b6d80b17f3ce88ddd24.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_c88cb73889554b6d80b17f3ce88ddd24.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]雅克-130“首飞”了。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/4802cd9a00b34034b4d2f6a25726949f.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_4802cd9a00b34034b4d2f6a25726949f.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/d6f9b313f5024e238fb990bfa6b8b51b.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_d6f9b313f5024e238fb990bfa6b8b51b.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]第4车间的工人们在加工座舱盖。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/615f009f2ce9424bb7f35262aae6e543.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_615f009f2ce9424bb7f35262aae6e543.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]为了支援伊尔库特MC-21客机项目，伊尔库茨克厂新建了一条MC-21生产线，即将投产的MC-21-200客机翼展是35.9米。第一架MC-21已于2014年1月制造完毕，工厂希望到2018年前每年能生产65架这种客机。[/p] [p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/a49595920f2644a7869c82ffbd42056f.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_a49595920f2644a7869c82ffbd42056f.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]第7车间总装线。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/c8e2316d85104fe8a3442765521d3cd4.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_c8e2316d85104fe8a3442765521d3cd4.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]这个车间有320名工人，安装并测试机身的基本系统：液压、燃油、发动机、机翼、起落架、航电、武器系统。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/1bfe3300c1424d4a953471654eb936bf.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_1bfe3300c1424d4a953471654eb936bf.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/37f9d8bdf2654a66b34ee013f249ee50.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_37f9d8bdf2654a66b34ee013f249ee50.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]快要完工的苏-30SM。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/b8800314f64d4caeb2706aefa61e0568.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_b8800314f64d4caeb2706aefa61e0568.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/a6d3cbc7e05e4e4caed5afdc09351a72.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_a6d3cbc7e05e4e4caed5afdc09351a72.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]大部分装配工作都是手工的，工人们需要钻进狭小空间干活，十分辛苦。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/3e10274c9178480cb536256049dc8c99.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_3e10274c9178480cb536256049dc8c99.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]雅克-130的布线总长度超过30公里，苏-30则超过70公里。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/510ecad144e0473ab6bdbb0f9efb3e1b.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_510ecad144e0473ab6bdbb0f9efb3e1b.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/68a47caf38404185b24f5d4d8a0f4a81.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_68a47caf38404185b24f5d4d8a0f4a81.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]厂子里现在共有12500名雇员，平均年龄40岁。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/d699cf89bd5a4076acd0772da1a2d4b0.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_d699cf89bd5a4076acd0772da1a2d4b0.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]雅克-130是一种现代化的教练机，可以模拟苏-30、米格-29、F-16的飞行特性，利于培训新飞行员。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/05b47aaeb607403a8ebc2fa45da3defb.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_05b47aaeb607403a8ebc2fa45da3defb.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]国际合作车间正在制造A320的部件，伊尔库茨克2004年起承接了为空中客车A320加工部件的合同。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/f4a15d83fa0b4617a9134011d4199170.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_f4a15d83fa0b4617a9134011d4199170.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]有1/3的A320安装了来自这里的部件。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/27c3e9c5629b4de3a6d1078460b22925.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_27c3e9c5629b4de3a6d1078460b22925.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]第16车间负责试飞。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/839f989104b545e1b08b9de14d32b9e0.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_839f989104b545e1b08b9de14d32b9e0.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]只有通过了试飞，新飞机才能装备部队。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/1f95ce7be78d4bb2855cd1bf473bfd40.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_1f95ce7be78d4bb2855cd1bf473bfd40.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]试飞需要测试产品是否满足规格。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/86378d520c2d4a8e9c52fefb324a91aa.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_86378d520c2d4a8e9c52fefb324a91aa.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]苏-30SM的雷达最大探测距离200公里，可同时跟踪10个目标。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/cc23fad7e426427b9193c957f9dcc48c.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_cc23fad7e426427b9193c957f9dcc48c.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]苏-30SM凭借矢量推力喷管获得了超机动性，这也是俄罗斯空军装备的第一种矢量推力战斗机。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/59de461169fb4c42a82b6501625d5b35.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_59de461169fb4c42a82b6501625d5b35.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]发动机试车。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/246994e1f7ff48deb69f3a82ae52971b.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_246994e1f7ff48deb69f3a82ae52971b.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]最大加力2x12500千克。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/4c21bb5b8dd54866be5d3ef5a95a074e.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_4c21bb5b8dd54866be5d3ef5a95a074e.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]通过试飞后，来自部队的飞机员把新机接走。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/3f883d9e702e47f1b8789d156fe88858.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_3f883d9e702e47f1b8789d156fe88858.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]如果是出口的飞机呢，就要拆解后空运到国外了。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/3e46cd8efc25436495243c71ec846f19.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_3e46cd8efc25436495243c71ec846f19.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]每架苏-30SM的成本为5千万美元。[/p][p=30, 2, center][url=http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/4ffe1299bc654af7a102e1de17caa580.jpg][img]http://img1.mydrivers.com/img/20141008/s_4ffe1299bc654af7a102e1de17caa580.jpg[/img][/url][/p][p=30, 2, left]2013年厂子的销售额达580亿卢布，其中光苏-30MKI出口一项就超过100亿卢布。[/p] SF页:
[1]
